What does that suggest about the diversity of molluscs in this area A) The west coast of New Caledonia is not an. Overfishing is closely tied to bycatch the capture of unwanted sea life while fishing for a different species. the amount of salt water in a marsh depends upon ocean tides. Coral reefs are both beautiful and utterly vital to the ocean ecosystem and the local environment. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like causes for coral bleaching,. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Vertical structure of sea, Physical environment of deep sea, Chemical environment of deep sea and more. It is already having devastating effects on both human and natural communities. A sea urchin has a -toothed mouth centered on the bottom side of its hard, spherical shell, consisting of fused calcium carbonate plates perforated to allow tube feet and water to pass through. The 2022 Deep-Sea Coral Report to Congress (PDF, 18 pages), showcases new accomplishments and scientific discoveries. Sep 25, 2019 &0183;&32;More intense tropical storms and higher sea level puts coastal communities in harms way and destroys coastal wetland habitats which include mangroves and salt marshes. There is really very little to distinguish the Arctic from the Antarctic, two Polar Regions. increased salinity from desalination of ocean water for human use. 2)biodiversity is higher near the coasts. Oceans thus help to buffer multiple aspects of global climate change and their effects on marine and terrestrial ecosystems (Reid et al. -Point-source pollution such as sewage from cruise ships and spills from oil tankers. Bleached corals on a reef at Lisianski Atoll in. Drag the words or phrases on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. state of the atmosphere, including temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, and cloudiness. the gradient becomes very gentle. 27 B. Overfishing, however, is not the only threat. For this reason, they are often called extremophiles for the extreme nature of their living. Deep-sea coral reefs face challenges as changes to ocean chemistry triggered by climate change may cause their foundations to become brittle, a study suggests. Coral reefs are amongst the most diverse ecosystems on the planet, harbouring more than one-third of the oceans fish species 1. , True or False. The greatest threat to deep corals globally is industrial bottom-trawl fishing, which can devastate deep reefs. Background Coral reefs are one of the most biodiverse and productive ecosystems, providing habitat for a vast of species. Threats Land run-off. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like causes for coral bleaching,. , jewellery making) since the 18th century. -Point-source pollution such as sewage from cruise ships and spills from oil tankers. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Biodiversity can be studied at three levels genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. They include marshes, swamps, and prairie potholes. 3 Coral reefs. Corals, algae, and fish in the system are moderately impacted. May 9, 2022 &0183;&32;Climate Change. A new study warns that cold-water corals, also known as deep-water corals, could be most impacted by a decrease in. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Biodiversity can be studied at three levels genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. The greatest threat to deep corals globally is industrial bottom-trawl fishing, which can devastate deep reefs. coral reefs an increase in average global temperature of 1. Oceans thus help to buffer multiple aspects of global climate change and their effects on marine and terrestrial ecosystems (Reid et al. trash D. Since the industrial revolution, 30 of anthropogenic CO2 has been absorbed by the global oceans. Threats Coastal developments e. A & D. The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration aims to massively scale up the restoration of degraded and destroyed ecosystems as a proven measure to fight climate change and enhance food security, water supply and. Barrier and atoll reefs - rise from depth (below the level at which coral can grow) - many atolls are isolated in deep water. Coral bleaching occurs when a colony of polyps are under stress. The symbiosis between scleractinian corals and photosynthetic algae from the family Symbiodiniaceae underpins the health and productivity of tropical coral reef ecosystems. These starfish also naturally occur on coral reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific region, and closely related starfish species also occur across reefs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. coral reefs an increase in average global temperature of 1. Shlesinger, T. Coral reefs protect coastlines from storms and erosion, provide jobs for local communities, and offer opportunities for recreation. In order to preserve coral reefs, all aquarium trade in coral reef organisms must end. Threats to coral reefs Term 1 29 What is the value of coral reefs Click the card to flip Definition 1 29 375 billion in goods and services, 500 million people who have some dependence on reefs, 30 million people who are totally dependent on reefs Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by KaitlynBunn311. Which of the following statements about corals are true -Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant. Other Quizlet sets. 18&176; celcius. coastal development, both residential and industrial B. Hydrothermal Vent Communities. Both councils are proactively working to protect deep-sea coral habitat. Deep-water environments make up 64 of the worlds oceans (nearly 202 million km2). -Coastal development, which destroys and pollutes coastal habitats. Deep-sea fishing is also a concern. Threats to coral reefs. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like is responsible for extinction of many species, and occurs when too many individuals are removed over time leaving too few to maintain a viable population. Coral diseases were first recognized in the 1970s and are now considered a major threat to coral reef survival worldwide. ), benthic organisms that live on or attached to rocky areas and firm sediments are collectively called-----whereas animals that live buried in the substrate and are associated with soft sediments, such as mud or sand, are collectively called-----, Food falls. Limestone, the porous framework of the. The habitat of deep-water corals, also known as cold-water corals, extends to deeper, darker parts of the oceans than tropical corals, ranging from near the surface to the abyss, beyond 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) where water temperatures may be as cold as 4 C (39 F). Feb 23, 2017 &0183;&32;The oceans are a major sink for CO 2 produced by the burning of fossil fuels (Pauchauri et al. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like is responsible for extinction of many species, and occurs when too many individuals are removed over time leaving too few to maintain a viable population. Feb 8, 2022 &0183;&32;We are starting to understand these impacts better and learning more about the extent and scope of the problem. , coastal, pelagic), without a global map of realms based on statistical. Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems May Hold Cancer Cures, but Face Threats Damaging fishing gear can destroy habitat, jeopardizing potential discoveries Article February 26, 2018 By Holly Binns Read time 4 min Shirley Pomponi dives in shallow waters in The Bahamas to examine diverse sponges and octocorals. Human-caused, or anthropogenic activities, are major threats to coral reefs. Biodiversity C. The second are deep-sea coral communities, thought to rely on hardgrounds as a place to settle and grow above the surrounding muddy bottom. Unfortunately, commercial trawling on seamounts has caused declines in the fish populations and serious damage to coral communities. Fish & Wildlife Disease Coral Diseases. Threats to coral reefs Term 1 29 What is the value of coral reefs Click the card to flip Definition 1 29 375 billion in goods and services, 500 million people who have some dependence on reefs, 30 million people who are totally dependent on reefs Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by KaitlynBunn311. The higher sediment stability of mud flats results from the high cohesive attraction between clay particles and the lower energy longshore current in mud flat regions. 2 of the global ocean area and about 15 of the shallow sea areas within 030 m depth (Venkataraman et al. all of the above, Mangrove forests were traditionally viewed as . The Scleractinia coral biomineralization process is a representative example of a heterogeneous process of nucleation and growth of biogenic CaCO3 over a mineral phase. 25 of marine species rely on coral reefs at some point in their life cycle. INTRODUCTION The Caribbean Sea is a small, deep, and oceanographically diverse body of tropical water which is bounded to the east and north by a series of islands of widely varying size (Fig. In UK waters, they occur on the North and West coast of Scotland and the West coast of Ireland. With interest in deep sea mining growing exponentially, now is the time to ensure that lasting damage to the unique ecosystems found in the ocean depths. Coral bleaching occurs when a colony of polyps are under stress. Related management decisions. Describe the extent of the biodiversity typical of coral reefs. Florida's Coral Reef is impaired overall. Sunlight-free deep benthic communities also host corals and other forms of life such as sea stars, sea urchins, fish, and crabs. Feb 8, 2022 &0183;&32;We are starting to understand these impacts better and learning more about the extent and scope of the problem. Background Coral reefs are one of the most biodiverse and productive ecosystems, providing habitat for a vast of species. The percent of reefs affected by various threats are shown in the figure below. Because traditional methods for assessing reef diversity are extremely time consuming, taxonomic expertise for many groups is lacking, and marine organisms are thought to be less. thermocline depth. Temperate regions -more complex seasonal dynamics of light and stratification. Unlike in the intertidal zone, organisms do not suffer from in the submerged rocky bottom region. the productivity of the surface layer above it; Biomass depends on food supply, and more food falls to the seabed from productive surface waters. Marine ecosystems contain vast biodiversity, and experts say that the ocean acidification changes are happening too fast for many organisms to adapt. abyssal zone. (2) Barrier reefs are also close to a nonreef landmass but lie several kilometres offshore, separated from the landmass by a lagoon or channel often about 50 metres (160 feet) deep. The interactions of. However, climate change is contributing to the degradation of coral reefs in two significant ways warming temperature and increasing acidification of ocean waters. 1) the greatest biodiversity occurs in coral reefs, estuaries, and on the deep sea floor. This report found that 60 of coral reefs were under threat from local sources such as fishing, pollution and coastal development, a figure that rose to 75 when thermal stress from global warming was added. Bleaching caused by increased sea surface temperatures and excess antibiotics, fertilisers and sewage running into the sea have weakened corals. Scientists are actively working to gather more specific information about how these factors will impact coral reef ecosystems. a rapid steepening of the gradient occurs. As the United Nations Climate Conference (COP27) unfolds in Egypt, there are growing calls for countries to protect conserve and restore the ocean, which experts say is crucial for reducing further global warming and helping communities adapt to the fallout from the climate crisis; as well as keeping the ocean healthy and productive. Most corals go through a planktonic stage of life. Resource managers in the United States and worldwide are tasked with identifying and mitigating trade-offs between human activities in the deep sea (e. d) 16 degrees C. - When sea level rose reefs become too deep for growth but formed the foundation for more recent sea growth Thus, reef shape, is also dependent on their antecedent platforms During and following the lasts et of ice ages reefs developed across a vertical span of or more allowing the development of a wide range of reef types and depths. Apr 20, 2021 &0183;&32;Introduction. Legislation has had no impact on coral reef preservation efforts. Land reclamation and dredging --> increase sedimentation --> reduced light levels, corals smothered and direct physical damage to reefs. Coral bleaching occurs when a colony of polyps are under stress. Increased ocean temperatures and changing ocean chemistry are the greatest global threats to coral reef ecosystems. , Cnidarians of the class are responsible for building coral reefs. Only 1 of the life forms in the sea have been properly identified and studied. Threats to coral reefs. Learn the threats these animals face and what we can do to help protect them. Study sets, textbooks, questions. Brackish water is a mixture of freshwater and seawater, because of this it tends to have lower salinity then seawater. Various preservation methods have had some positive impact on coral reef preservation. The exploration and exploitation of mineral resources from seafloor crusts and the impact to benthic fauna have become an increasing regional concern given the poor state of knowledge of deep-sea biodiversity (Miller et al. Biorange E. &169; Courtesy of NOAA Q Why do deep-sea corals need protection A Although they live far from land, the remoteness and depth of deep-sea coral habitats. Shlesinger, T. Which of the following statements about corals are true -Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant. Loss of Antarctic sponges from trawling may be important to Man because of their potential . Created by. The West Coast has both soft corals (such as sea fans, sea pens and black coral) and hard corals (such as cup corals and. form the physical structure of the community. Deep-sea coral reefs are beautiful, fragile environments that play a vital role in the health and biodiversity of our oceans. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Vertical structure of sea, Physical environment of deep sea, Chemical environment of deep sea and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Why are the world&39;s poorest people most effected by environmental degradation, environments cover two-thirds of earth&39;s surface and thus have a large influence on our climate and are the source of much of our food. Deep-sea coral communities thrive on continental shelves and slopes around the world, sometimes thousands of meters below the ocean surface. What are the 3 patterns of marine biodiversity Click the card to flip . open ocean c. moderate global warming. Assortment B. styrofoam) a. These starfish also naturally occur on coral reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific region, and closely related starfish species also occur across reefs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. -low and constant primary production. Coral reefs are the most diverse of all marine ecosystems. Ocean acidification is affecting the entire worlds oceans, including coastal estuaries and waterways. reducing local threats to give the corals better chances of not being as stressed during bleaching events. abyssal zones d. sessile animals, epifauna, and very few infauna; Infauna are scarce, because there is little sediment and. As coral reefs. ) the need more chemical waste. Coral reefs are both beautiful and utterly vital to the ocean ecosystem and the local environment. Considering the coral fossil gap observed during the Lower Triassic, corals may have survived as azooxanthellate taxa living in the deep sea, as proposed by Ezaki 70, and are too rare to be. Coral bleaching occurs when a colony of polyps are under stress. Corals reefs support marine biodiversity, protect coastlines from storm surges and strong waves, and provide income from tourism to. Other Quizlet sets. Coral reefs are both beautiful and utterly vital to the ocean ecosystem and the local environment. Diversity of. )was about 4,265 years old. Assortment B. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like major threats to coral reefs, major cause of coral bleaching, coral bleaching and more. May 8, 2023 &0183;&32;USGS DISCOVRE Benthic Ecology, Trophodynamics, Ecosystem Connectivity of Mid-Atlantic Deepwater Hard Bottom Habitats with Emphasis on Canyon and Coral Communities. Coral reefs are one of the most productive and biodiverse ecosystems in the world. chemical pollution from pesticides, heavy metals, and synthetic chemicals, National Marine Sanctuaries include Select one A. Hundreds and thousands of feet beyond the reach of sunlight, these unique coral ecosystems are found off all our coasts, inhabiting the deep-sea. The distribution of the most prominent reef-building species Lophelia pertusa is controlled by various environmental factors including dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperature. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which ecosystem has the greatest variety of flora and fauna A) marine B) freshwater lake C) prairie D) tropical forest E) desert, Which factor in the ocean is key in determining environmental conditions A) space B) depth C) predators D) pressure E) biota, The deepest zone in the ocean is the . Deep-sea fishing is also a concern. Activity is greatest near coastlines. Threats Land-based activities Deforestation, poor agricultural and land-use practices --> increase run-off of pesticides, fertilizers, and sediment --> reduces light levels, smothers and poisons reef organisms Threats Sewage Disposal of sewage into ocean --> nutrient enrichment, algal overgrowth --> algal domination over coral. Why are scientists concerned about the future of coral reefs -if destruction increases at the current rate, 70of the world&39;s coral reefs will disappear within 50 years. Among some of the most endangered ecosystems on the planet are deep-water corals and seamounts, yet the habitats of the deep-sea are vital to life on Earth. This extreme environment is limited in both sunlight and food. Science Earth Sciences Earth Sciences questions and answers What are the threats to deep-sea coral communities acidification zooxanthellae overfishing commensalism oil exploration Classify the characteristics of each ocean life zone. Deep-sea corals have been known and commercially exploited (e. -lack of mixing nutrients from deeper waters. Unfortunately, commercial trawling on seamounts has caused declines in the fish populations and serious damage to coral communities. Since the industrial revolution, 30 of anthropogenic CO2 has been absorbed by the global oceans. coastal development, both residential and industrial B. These sea star outbreaks threaten the well being of our ocean, as they feed on and deplete. The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on . nurdles b. The deep sea ecosystem, while still wildly unknown, faces many pressing anthropogenic threats. Marine ecosystems are aquatic environments with high levels of dissolved salt. Coral reefs face many threats from local sources, including Physical damage or destruction from coastal development, dredging, quarrying, destructive fishing practices and gear, boat anchors and groundings, and recreational misuse (touching or removing corals). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The distribution of benthic biomass is related to . shore crab. In 1981, at the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium, Edgardo Gomez initiated the conversation on threats to coral reefs by presenting his concerns to the scientific community 5,6. Feb 7, 2023 &0183;&32;The eastern tropical Pacific is oceanographically unfavorable for coral-reef development. A Single may cover over 100 sq. Provides the structural foundation of a unique and rich marine ecosystem. As coral bleaching continues to strain reef communities across the globe, an international team of researchers has stumbled across a promising, 600-mile-long. Various preservation methods have had some positive impact on coral reef preservation. Cold-water coral (CWC) habitats dwell on continental shelves, slopes, seamounts, and ridge systems around the worlds oceans from 50 to 4000 m depth, providing heterogeneous habitats which support a myriad of associated fauna. nurdles b. 3 feet from the ocean's surface, putting the nation at risk of storm surges, tsunamis, and rising seas. Deep-sea corals are defined as corals that live at depths greater than 50. reef flat. real public nudity, omaha steaks tattoo contest
A diver swims over an area of coral projections and sand channels. . What are the threats to deep sea coral communities quizlet
Bacterial decomposition is much lower below 1000m, probably due to pressure-mechanism not well understood. Rocky mound andor ridges formed in the sea by marine organisms through the accumulation and deposition of limestone (Calcium Carbonate) Reef Framework. , coastal, pelagic), without a global map of realms based on statistical. trash D. The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is space. In the short-term, major framework builders. , jewellery making) since the 18th century. The higher sediment stability of mud flats results from the high cohesive attraction between clay particles and the lower energy longshore current in mud flat regions. In which aquatic zone would you be likely to find a cattail and reeds. , Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the. -lack of mixing nutrients from deeper waters. Dec 18, 2018 &0183;&32;The coral microbial ecology group has an active research program identifying and characterizing the microbial associates of both tropical and cold-water (deep-sea) corals and their surrounding habitat. Threats Land run-off. -Coastal development, which destroys and pollutes coastal habitats. To Shirley Pomponi the sea sponges lining her office shelves are more than colorful specimens; theyre potentially lifesaving creatures, some of which could hold the complex secrets to cures for cancers and other. Pressurized degassing of CO2 from seawater intake lines. An important function of corals is their ability to produce large three-dimensional reef structures that provide a habitat for a large diversity of organisms. coral reefs an increase in average global temperature of 1. alter the temperature. spur-and-groove formation. Bleached coral in Hawaii. Fishing, diving, and snorkeling on and near. 2003; Lalli and Parsons 1997). usually 45-100 metres in depth, and often many kilometres in width. 1 Introduction. regulate water run-off. Worldwide, corals may trap up to 3 percent of all microplastics in surrounding, shallow waters every year, scientists estimate. Related management decisions. movement in the deep sea. What is a dominant member of the community in deep sea hot vents The large tube worm, Riftia pachyptila, in the group Vestimentifera - a specialized organ called a trophosome, packed with symbiotic bacteria - The worm&39;s hemoglobin binds oxygen and hydrogen sulfide and delivers this to the bacteria - The bacteria perform chemosynthesis and pass. Corals are highly susceptible to a variety of diseases that have increased in frequency over the last few decades. If the worlds nations keep emitting greenhouse gases, and sea levels rise just 1 to 2 more feet, the amount of coastal land at risk of flooding would increase by roughly one-third, the research. For the purposes of this paper, we use the term coral reef to refer to limestone structures that are built by reef-building corals throughout ocean depths, including in shallow water (<40 m), at mesophotic depths (40200 m), and in the deep sea (>200 m). abyssal zone. In Florida and beyond, TNC is protecting and restoring natural infrastructure to reduce the impact of coastal hazards related to climate change. Please select the best answer from the choices provided. , fishing, energy development, and mining) and their impacts on habitat-forming invertebrates, including deep-sea corals, and sponges (DSCS). Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs D. For the purposes of this paper, we use the term coral reef to refer to limestone structures that are built by reef-building corals throughout ocean depths, including in shallow water (<40 m), at mesophotic depths (40200 m), and in the deep sea (>200 m). New models show that coral adaptation over a 40-year time frame could substantially change predictions for coral reef demise. Other examples are floodplains. Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant. The USGS designs mapping research programs to address a wide range of topics, and to expand our understanding of deep sea minerals, offshore energy, marine biological habitats, hazards, and more. At the spatial scale we examined (fig. ), benthic organisms that live on or attached to rocky areas and firm sediments are collectively called-----whereas animals that live buried in the substrate and are associated with soft sediments, such as mud or sand, are collectively called-----, Food falls. Pollution that originates on land but finds its way into coastal waters. Damage to seamounts and their. In spite. Like ancient, solitary, old-growth forests on land, these deep-sea coral communities may be easily disrupted and slow to recover. This study provides a coastal flood risk assessment for SIDS globally and. The deep sea is the most extensive habitat on our planet, and it supports surprisingly high biodiversity. Living Reef. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The farming of marine organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants is known as . Are the base of the marine food web. List the major human impacts on marine ecosystems and coral reefs. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The euphotic ecosystem interacts with other ecosystems by being the zone where photosynthetic organisms convert light into energy that transfers through the food web as chemical energy. Reef-building scleractinian corals with a symbiotic microbiome, including bacteria, archaea, viruses and eukaryotic microbes, are referred to coral holobionts. Chapter 17. Ocean acidification (OA) is a process through which dissolution of CO 2 into seawater lowers the calcium carbonate saturation state of seawater () 5. , Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore. form the physical structure of the community. Coral reefs are one of the most productive and biodiverse ecosystems in the world. Start studying Deep Sea Coral Reefs. Various preservation methods have had some positive impact on coral reef preservation. The organisms that thrive at deep-sea vents and seeps have to survive freezing cold, perpetual darkness, high-pressure, and toxic chemicals. Provide shelter for many species, controls how much CO2 is in the ocean water, slows currents and waves before they hit shore. Coral polyps, the animals primarily responsible for building reefs, can take many forms large reef building colonies, graceful flowing fans, and even small, solitary organisms. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How does the abundance of phytoplankton at the surface influence the abundance and distribution of organisms at deeper levels of the open ocean, What adaptations are seen in epipelagic nekton to stay afloat, find food, avoid predators, etc, Describe the mesopelagic environment. Coral Reef. increased water temperatures from anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Other examples are floodplains. nurdles b. Various preservation methods have had some positive impact on coral reef preservation. Exposure to plastics, however, has been demonstrated to limit skeletal growth for both branching growth forms of shallow and deep-sea coral species. A Although they live far from land, the remoteness and depth of deep-sea coral habitats does not protect them from human activity, especially as we use up coastal resources and move further offshore into deeper waters. Assortment B. Are the base of the marine food web. 16, 2019 Threats to coral reefs are everywhere -- rising water temperatures, ocean acidification, coral bleaching, fishing and other human activities. Upon death of corals, their skeleton is usually reduced to what. The deep sea is the most extensive habitat on our planet, and it supports surprisingly high biodiversity. The Pacific crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster cf. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like photic, Deep Sea Characteristics, pressure and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following statements about coral reef preservation efforts is true a. The UN has declared 2021 to 2030 both the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and the Decade on Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1) The distribution of benthic biomass is related to . Looming threats. Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs D. Sep 17, 2020 Deep-sea coral reefs face challenges as changes to ocean chemistry triggered by climate change may cause their foundations to become brittle, a study suggests. Chief among them is climate change. Reef-building scleractinian corals with a symbiotic microbiome, including bacteria, archaea, viruses and eukaryotic microbes, are referred to coral holobionts. Some coral species grow in cold deep waters beneath the euphotic zone. As coral bleaching continues to strain reef communities across the globe, an international team of researchers has stumbled across a promising, 600-mile-long. There are also deep-sea corals that thrive in cold, dark water at depths of up to 20,000 feet (6,000 m). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is coral bleaching, what are the 3 major threats to coral reef, what are the 3 threats of enhanced global warming to coral and more. . eacort site